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1993-04-23
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OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE (2l3) 354-50ll
FOR RELEASE AUGUST 9, l979
Three years after NASA's Viking spacecraft landed on
Mars scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory are still
receiv-
ing data from one orbiter and two landers.
The Viking mission has gone into a fourth major
stage,
called the Survey Mission, and the first data from that
period has been received at JPL. The Survey Mission is sched-
uled to continue through 1990, more than 15 years after the
spacecraft were launched.
Both Viking landers and the remaining orbiter are
operating. The landers have been placed in an automatic con-
dition that allows them to function unattended; Lander 1
transmits its information to Earth once a week.
Viking Orbiter 1 is taking high-resolution pictures
of the Martian surface with a clarity not obtained before,
since the Martian atmosphere has become unusually clear.
(Viking Orbiter 2 was shut down July 24, 1978, after it ran
out of attitude-control gas; Viking Orbiter 1 is expected to
cease operations sometime in 1980.)
Landers 1 and 2 continue to take pictures and to î
collect weather data.
(more)
Lander 2's cameras have revealed a new layer of water
frost on the Martian surface at the Utopia Plains landing
site.
It is Martian winter again, and a thin layer of frost can
easily
be seen in the photos.
The new frost layer poses a scientific puzzle to mem-
bers of the Viking team: In September 1977, Viking Lander 2
found frost on the surface during the Martian northern
winter.
(That was one Martian year or almost two Earth years ago.)
Scientists associated that frost collection with a major dust
storm that had obscured the planet's surface before and
during
that period.
But recent observations have shown no dust storms
on Mars this year -- in fact, the atmosphere is clearer than
scientists have seen it since Viking arrived in 1976. So no
one is certain just what triggers the appearance of frost.
This much is believed: Dust particles in the atmos-
phere pick up bits of solid water (ice). That combination is
not heavy enough to settle to the ground. But carbon
dioxide,
which makes up 95 per cent of the Martian atmosphere, freezes
and adheres to the particles and they become heavy enough to
sink. Warmed by the Sun, the surface evaporates the carbon
dioxide and returns it to bhe atmosphere, leaving behind the
water and dust. The resulting frost layer may be only one-
thousandth of an inch thick.
Viking 1 was launched Aug. 20. l975, and arrived in
Mars orbit June l9, 1976. Viking Lander 1 touched down on the
Chryse Plains July 20, 1976.
Viking 2 was launched Sept. 9, 1975. It reached Mars
Aug. 7, 1976, and Lander 2 dropped to the surface Sept. 3,
1976.
The planned lifetime for the spacecraft was 90 days after
land-
ing.
Viking is managed and controlled for NASA's Office
of Space Science by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Institute of Technology. Kermit Watkins is Viking project
manager; Dr. Conway Snyder is Viking project scientist.
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